Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One is one of several satirical pieces published by Benjamin Franklin in an attempt to get the British monarch and Parliament to see how poorly they were treating their American colonies. Franklin was serving in England as representative to the Crown for several colonies. As the acts of Parliament became more and more oppressive, the colonists were becoming more and more angry and Ben Franklin wrote this piece to try to cause the British leaders to see how they were mistreating the colonists and salvage the relationship before it was too late.
For the Public Advertiser. RULES by which a GREAT EMPIRE may be reduced to a SMALL ONE. [Presented privately to a late Minister, when he entered upon his Administration; and now first published.]
An ancient Sage valued himself upon this, that tho' he could not fiddle, he knew how to make a great City of a little one. The Science that I, a modern Simpleton, am about to communicate is the very reverse.
I address myself to all Ministers who have the Management of extensive
Dominions, which from their very Greatness are become troublesome to
govern, because the Multiplicity of their Affairs leaves no Time for fiddling.
I. In the first Place, Gentlemen, you are to consider, that a
great Empire, like a great Cake, is most easily diminished at the Edges.
Turn your Attention therefore first to your remotest Provinces; that as
you get rid of them, the next may follow in Order.
II. That the Possibility of this Separation may always exist,
take special Care the Provinces are never incorporated with the Mother
Country, that they do not enjoy the same common Rights, the same
Privileges in Commerce, and that they are governed by severer Laws, all of your enacting,
without allowing them any Share in the Choice of the Legislators. By
carefully making and preserving such Distinctions, you will (to keep to
my Simile of the Cake) act like a wise Gingerbread Baker, who, to
facilitate a Division, cuts his Dough half through in those Places,
where, when bak'd, he would have it broken to Pieces.
III. These remote Provinces have perhaps been acquired, purchas'd, or conquer'd, at the sole Expence of the Settlers or their Ancestors, without the Aid of the Mother Country. If this should happen to increase her Strength by their growing Numbers ready to join in her Wars, her Commerce by their growing Demand for her Manufactures, or her Naval Power
by greater Employment for her Ships and Seamen, they may probably
suppose some Merit in this, and that it entitles them to some Favour;
you are therefore to forget it all, or resent it as if they had
done you Injury. If they happen to be zealous Whigs, Friends of Liberty,
nurtur'd in Revolution Principles, remember all that to their Prejudice, and contrive to punish it: For such Principles, after a Revolution is thoroughly established, are of no more Use, they are even odious and abominable.
IV. However peaceably your Colonies have submitted to your
Government, shewn their Affection to your Interest, and patiently borne
their Grievances, you are to suppose them always inclined to revolt, and treat them accordingly. Quarter Troops among them, who by their Insolence may provoke the rising of Mobs, and by their Bullets and Bayonets suppress them. By this Means, like the Husband who uses his Wife ill from Suspicion, you may in Time convert your Suspicions into Realities.
V. Remote Provinces must have Governors, and Judges,
to represent the Royal Person, and execute every where the delegated
Parts of his Office and Authority. You Ministers know, that much of the
Strength of Government depends on the Opinion of the People; and
much of that Opinion on the Choice of Rulers placed immediately over
them. If you send them wise and good Men for Governors, who study the
Interest of the Colonists, and advance their Prosperity, they will think
their King wise and good, and that he wishes the Welfare of his
Subjects. If you send them learned and upright Men for judges, they will
think him a Lover of Justice. This may attach your Provinces more to
his Government. You are therefore to be careful who you recommend for
those Offices. If you can find Prodigals who have ruined their Fortunes,
broken Gamesters or Stock-Jobbers, these may do well as Governors;
for they will probably be rapacious, and provoke the People by their
Extortions. Wrangling Proctors and pettyfogging Lawyers too are not
amiss, for they will be for ever disputing and quarrelling with their
little Parliaments, if withal they should be ignorant, wrong-headed and
insolent, so much the better. Attorneys Clerks and Newgate Solicitors
will do for Chief-Justices, especially if they hold their Places during your Pleasure: And all will contribute to impress those ideas of your Government that are proper for a People you would wish to renounce it.
VI. To confirm these Impressions, and strike them deeper,
whenever the Injured come to the Capital with Complaints of
Mal-administration, Oppression, or Injustice, punish such Suitors with
long Delay, enormous Expence, and a final Judgment in Favour of the
Oppressor. This will have an admirable Effect every Way. The Trouble of
future Complaints will be prevented, and Governors and Judges will be
encouraged to farther Acts of Oppression and Injustice; and thence the
People may become more disaffected, and at length desperate.
VII. When such Governors have crammed their Coffers, and made
themselves so odious to the People that they can no longer remain among
them with Safety to their Persons, recall and reward them with Pensions. You may make them Baronets
too, if that respectable Order should not think fit to resent it. All
will contribute to encourage new Governors in the same Practices, and
make the supreme Government detestable.
VIII. If when you are engaged in War, your Colonies should vie in
liberal Aids of Men and Money against the common Enemy, upon your
simple Requisition, and give far beyond their Abilities, reflect, that a
Penny taken from them by your Power is more honourable to you than a
Pound presented by their Benevolence. Despise therefore their voluntary
Grants, and resolve to harrass them with novel Taxes. They will probably
complain to your Parliaments that they are taxed by a Body in which
they have no Representative, and that this is contrary to common Right.
They will petition for Redress. Let the Parliaments flout their Claims,
reject their Petitions, refuse even to suffer the reading of them, and
treat the Petitioners with the utmost Contempt. Nothing can have a
better Effect, in producing the Alienation proposed; for though many can
forgive Injuries, none ever forgave Contempt.
IX. In laying these Taxes, never regard the heavy Burthens those
remote People already undergo, in defending their own Frontiers,
supporting their own provincial Governments, making new Roads, building
Bridges, Churches and other public Edifices, which in old Countries have
been done to your Hands by your Ancestors, but which occasion constant
Calls and Demands on the Purses of a new People. Forget the Restraints you lay on their Trade for your own Benefit, and the Advantage a Monopoly
of this Trade gives your exacting Merchants. Think nothing of the
Wealth those Merchants and your Manufacturers acquire by the Colony
Commerce; their encreased Ability thereby to pay Taxes at home; their
accumulating, in the Price of their Commodities, most of those Taxes,
and so levying them from their consuming Customers: All this, and the
Employment and Support of thousands of your Poor by the Colonists, you
are intirely to forget. But remember to make your arbitrary Tax
more grievous to your Provinces, by public Declarations importing that
your Power of taxing them has no limits, so that when you take from them
without their Consent a Shilling in the Pound, you have a clear Right
to the other nineteen. This will probably weaken every Idea of Security in their Property, and convince them that under such a Government they have nothing they can call their own; which can scarce fail of producing the happiest Consequences!
X. Possibly indeed some of them might still comfort themselves, and say, "Though we have no Property, we have yet something left that is valuable; we have constitutional Liberty
both of Person and of Conscience. This King, these Lords, and these
Commons, who it seems are too remote from us to know us and feel for us,
cannot take from us our Habeas Corpus Right, or our Right of Trial by a Jury of our Neighbours:
They cannot deprive us of the Exercise of our Religion, alter our
ecclesiastical Constitutions, and compel us to be Papists if they
please, or Mahometans." To annihilate this Comfort, begin by Laws to
perplex their Commerce with infinite Regulations impossible to be
remembered and observed; ordain Seizures of their Property for every
Failure; take away the Trial of such Property by Jury, and give it to
arbitrary Judges of your own appointing, and of the lowest Characters in
the Country, whose Salaries and Emoluments are to arise out of the
Duties or Condemnations, and whose Appointments are during Pleasure. Then let there be a formal Declaration of both Houses, that Opposition to your Edicts is Treason,
and that Persons suspected of Treason in the Provinces may, according
to some obsolete Law, be seized and sent to the Metropolis of the Empire
for Trial; and pass an Act that those there charged with certain other
Offences shall be sent away in Chains from their Friends and Country to
be tried in the same Manner for Felony. Then erect a new Court of
Inquisition among them, accompanied by an armed Force, with Instructions
to transport all such suspected Persons, to be ruined by the Expence if
they bring over Evidences to prove their Innocence, or be found guilty
and hanged if they can't afford it. And lest the People should think you
cannot possibly go any farther, pass another solemn declaratory Act,
that "King, Lords, and Commons had, hath, and of Right ought to have,
full Power and Authority to make Statutes of sufficient Force and
Validity to bind the unrepresented Provinces IN ALL CASES WHATSOEVER."
This will include Spiritual with temporal; and taken together,
must operate wonderfully to your Purpose, by convincing them, that they
are at present under a Power something like that spoken of in the
Scriptures, which can not only kill their Bodies, but damn their Souls to all Eternity, by compelling them, if it pleases, to worship the Devil.
XI. To make your Taxes more odious, and more likely to procure
Resistance, send from the Capital a Board of Officers to superintend the
Collection, composed of the most indiscreet, ill-bred and insolent
you can find. Let these have large Salaries out of the extorted
Revenue, and live in open grating Luxury upon the Sweat and Blood of the
Industrious, whom they are to worry continually with groundless and
expensive Prosecutions before the above-mentioned arbitrary
Revenue-Judges, all at the Cost of the Party prosecuted tho' acquitted, because the King is to pay no Costs. Let these Men by your Order
be exempted from all the common Taxes and Burthens of the Province,
though they and their Property are protected by its Laws. If any Revenue
Officers are suspected of the least Tenderness for the People,
discard them. If others are justly complained of, protect and reward
them. If any of the Under-officers behave so as to provoke the People to
drub them, promote those to better Offices: This will encourage others
to procure for themselves such profitable Drubbings, by multiplying and
enlarging such Provocations, and all with work towards the End you aim at.
XII. Another Way to make your Tax odious, is to misapply the Produce of it. If it was originally appropriated for the Defence of the Provinces and the better Support of Government, and the Administration of Justice where it may be necessary, then apply none of it to that Defence, but bestow it where it is not necessary,
in augmented Salaries or Pensions to every Governor who has
distinguished himself by his Enmity to the People, and by calumniating
them to their Sovereign. This will make them pay it more unwillingly,
and be more apt to quarrel with those that collect it, and those that
imposed it, who will quarrel again with them, and all shall contribute
to your main Purpose of making them weary of your Government.
XIII. If the People of any Province have been accustomed to
support their own Governors and Judges to Satisfaction, you are to
apprehend that such Governors and Judges may be thereby influenced to
treat the People kindly, and to do them Justice. This is another Reason
for applying Part of that Revenue in larger Salaries to such Governors
and Judges, given, as their Commissions are, during your Pleasure
only, forbidding them to take any Salaries from their Provinces; that
thus the People may no longer hope any Kindness from their Governors, or
(in Crown Cases) any Justice from their Judges. And as the Money thus
mis-applied in one Province is extorted from all, probably all will resent the Misapplication.
XIV. If the Parliaments of your Provinces should dare to claim
Rights or complain of your Administration, order them to be harass'd
with repeated Dissolutions. If the same Men are continually
return'd by new Elections, adjourn their Meetings to some Country
Village where they cannot be accommodated, and there keep them during Pleasure;
for this, you know, is your Prerogative; and an excellent one it is, as
you may manage it, to promote Discontents among the People, diminish
their Respect, and increase their Disaffection.
XV. Convert the brave honest Officers of your Navy into pimping
Tide-waiters and Colony Officers of the Customs. Let those who in Time
of War fought gallantly in Defence of the Commerce of their Countrymen,
in Peace be taught to prey upon it. Let them learn to be corrupted by
great and real Smugglers; but (to shew their Diligence) scour with armed
Boats every Bay, Harbour, River, Creek, Cove or Nook throughout the
Coast of your Colonies, stop and detain every Coaster, every Wood-boat,
every Fisherman, tumble their Cargoes, and even their Ballast, inside
out and upside down; and if a Penn'orth of Pins is found un-entered, let
the Whole be seized and confiscated. Thus shall the Trade of your
Colonists suffer more from their Friends in Time of Peace, than it did
from their Enemies in War. Then let these Boats Crews land upon every
Farm in their Way, rob the Orchards, steal the Pigs and Poultry, and
insult the Inhabitants. If the injured and exasperated Farmers, unable
to procure other Justice, should attack the Agressors, drub them and
burn their Boats, you are to call this High Treason and Rebellion,
order Fleets and Armies into their Country, and threaten to carry all
the Offenders three thousand Miles to be hang'd, drawn and quartered. O! this will work admirably!
XVI. If you are told of Discontents in your Colonies, never
believe that they are general, or that you have given Occasion for them;
therefore do not think of applying any Remedy, or of changing any
offensive Measure. Redress no Grievance, lest they should be encouraged
to demand the Redress of some other Grievance. Grant no Request that is
just and reasonable, lest they should make another that is unreasonable.
Take all your Informations of the State of the Colonies from your
Governors and Officers in Enmity with them. Encourage and reward these Leasing-makers;
secrete their lying Accusations lest they should be confuted; but act
upon them as the clearest Evidence, and believe nothing you hear from
the Friends of the People. Suppose all their Complaints to be
invented and promoted by a few factious Demagogues, whom if you could
catch and hang, all would be quiet. Catch and hang a few of them
accordingly; and the Blood of the Martyrs shall work Miracles in favour of your Purpose.
XVII. If you see rival Nations rejoicing at the Prospect
of your Disunion with your Provinces, and endeavouring to promote it: If
they translate, publish and applaud all the Complaints of your
discontented Colonists, at the same Time privately stimulating you to
severer Measures; let not that alarm or offend you. Why should it? since you all mean the same Thing.
XVIII. If any Colony should at their own Charge erect a Fortress
to secure their Port against the Fleets of a foreign Enemy, get your
Governor to betray that Fortress into your Hands. Never think of paying
what it cost the Country, for that would look, at least, like
some Regard for Justice; but turn it into a Citadel to awe the
Inhabitants and curb their Commerce. If they should have lodged in such
Fortress the very Arms they bought and used to aid you in your
Conquests, seize them all, 'twill provoke like Ingratitude added to Robbery.
One admirable Effect of these Operations will be, to discourage every
other Colony from erecting such Defences, and so their and your Enemies
may more easily invade them, to the great Disgrace of your Government,
and of course the Furtherance of your Project.
XIX. Send Armies into their Country under Pretence of protecting
the Inhabitants; but instead of garrisoning the Forts on their Frontiers
with those Troops, to prevent Incursions, demolish those Forts, and
order the Troops into the Heart of the Country, that the Savages may be
encouraged to attack the Frontiers, and that the Troops may be protected
by the Inhabitants: This will seem to proceed from your Ill will or
your Ignorance, and contribute farther to produce and strengthen an
Opinion among them, that you are no longer fit to govern them.
XX. Lastly, Invest the General of your Army in the Provinces with
great and unconstitutional Powers, and free him from the Controul of
even your own Civil Governors. Let him have Troops enow under his
Command, with all the Fortresses in his Possession; and who knows but
(like some provincial Generals in the Roman Empire, and encouraged by
the universal Discontent you have produced) he may take it into his Head
to set up for himself. If he should, and you have carefully practised
these few excellent Rules of mine, take my Word for it, all the
Provinces will immediately join him, and you will that Day (if you have
not done it sooner) get rid of the Trouble of governing them, and all
the Plagues attending their Commerce and Connection from thenceforth and for ever.
Q.E.D.
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